Compliance Radar
Who was sanctioned, and for what?
Fines, court rulings and incidents from Europe and North America: 718 cases from 32 jurisdictions, each with an official source and checked against that source before publication. Filter by country, area of law and sector. Click a chart to drill down one level.
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Where?
by levelWhat for?
by action- Fine €4.2bn 100 % · 8 cases
Who?
by sectorAll sectors
When?
per quarter, by date of decision| Period | Cases | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Q3 2023 | 0 | — |
| Q4 2023 | 0 | — |
| Q1 2024 | 1 | €1.53bn |
| Q2 2024 | 0 | — |
| Q3 2024 | 3 | €11.9m |
| Q4 2024 | 0 | — |
| Q1 2025 | 2 | €2.49bn |
| Q2 2025 | 1 | €266,631 |
| Q3 2025 | 0 | — |
| Q4 2025 | 0 | — |
| Q1 2026 | 0 | — |
| Q2 2026 | 1 | €168.7m |
| Q3 2026 | 0 | — |
8 cases
18 May 2026 Volvo Group North America, LLCVolvo Group North America: settlement of around 197 million USD over undisclosed emission control devices €168.7m
Around 10,000 heavy-duty Volvo diesel engines from model years 2010 to 2016 used auxiliary emission control devices (AECDs) that were not disclosed during certification and emitted more NOx than permitted. The settlement with the California Air Resources Board (CARB) comprises 17.5 million USD in penalties and costs, 71 million USD for mitigation measures and 108 million USD for emission reduction projects in California.
Every emissions-relevant control function must be fully disclosed in the certification application; otherwise high settlement payments may follow years later.
- Authority / court
- California Air Resources Board (CARB)
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Kalifornische Emissions- und Zertifizierungsvorschriften für schwere Nutzfahrzeugmotoren
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- final
- Sector
- Automotive
- Employees
- 10,000 or more
- Mitigating circumstances
- Cooperation during the investigation; recall and extended warranty for engines from model years 2014 to 2016.
- Published
- 18 May 2026
Original amount 196,500,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 18 May 2026.
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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14 May 2025 Norfolk Southern Railway CompanyNorfolk Southern: EPA fine for locomotives without valid emissions certification €266,631
In the view of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the freight railway operated locomotives without a certificate of conformity, did not comply with the conditions of a testing exemption for several locomotives and operated locomotives in breach of the applicable emission standards. Under the settlement (Consent Agreement and Final Order), the company is paying a civil penalty of 299,000 USD.
Converted vehicles or vehicles exempted for testing are also subject to certification and restoration obligations, which must be tracked in fleet management.
- Authority / court
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 3
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act §§ 203(a), 213(d) (42 U.S.C. §§ 7522(a), 7547(d)); 40 C.F.R. § 1068.101
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- final
- Sector
- Transport, logistics and shipping
- Employees
- 10,000 or more
Original amount 299,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 14 May 2025.
- In the Matter of Norfolk Southern Railway Company, EPA Docket No. CAA-03-2025-0062, Consent Agreement and Final Order Decision of an authority
- 2025 Clean Air Act Vehicle and Engine Enforcement Case Resolutions Enforcement database of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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19 Mar 2025 Hino Motors, Ltd.Hino Motors: over 1.6 billion USD in fines and forfeiture for emissions fraud €1.48bn
Between 2010 and 2019, the Toyota subsidiary submitted false certification applications, altered emissions data and fabricated test results; more than 105,000 non-compliant diesel engines were imported into the USA. The court imposed a fine of 521.76 million USD and forfeiture of 1.087 billion USD, plus five years of probation with an import ban on Hino diesel engines.
Manipulated test data in approval procedures lead to penalties that threaten a company's existence and to market bans; testing processes need independent controls.
Data integrity in testing and approval procedures
- Authority / court
- U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Ermittlungen: EPA Criminal Investigation Division, FBI)
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act; Verschwörung zum Betrug der Vereinigten Staaten und Schmuggel (Schuldbekenntnis)
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- unknown
- Sector
- Automotive
- Employees
- 10,000 or more
- Culpability
- intentional
- Published
- 19 Mar 2025
Original amount 1,608,760,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 19 Mar 2025.
- Court Sentences Hino Motors Ltd., a Toyota Subsidiary, and Imposes Over $1.6B in Penalties for Emissions Fraud Scheme Press release of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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15 Jan 2025 Hino Motors, Ltd.; Hino Motors Manufacturing U.S.A., Inc.; Hino Motors Sales U.S.A., Inc.Hino Motors: over 1 billion USD in penalties for falsified emissions test data €1.02bn
From 2010 to 2019, the Toyota subsidiary altered test data, carried out tests improperly or fabricated them entirely for more than 50 engine families (around 105,000 on-road and 5,700 off-road diesel engines). The resolution with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Justice comprises a civil penalty of 525 million USD and a criminal fine of 521.76 million USD (together 1.047 billion USD), five years of probation and an import ban on diesel engines; including the recall and mitigation measures, the overall resolution totals more than 1.6 billion USD.
Certification data is evidence – companies that embellish test results risk their existence, loss of market access and criminal prosecution.
Integrity of test and certification data
- Authority / court
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / U.S. Department of Justice
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- unknown
- Sector
- Automotive
- Culpability
- intentional
Original amount 1,046,760,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 15 Jan 2025.
- Hino Motors Clean Air Act Settlement Summary Press release of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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16 Sep 2024 COBB Tuning Products, LLCCOBB Tuning: 2.914 million USD for over 81,000 tuners that disable emission controls €2.62m
Since 2015, the Austin-based manufacturer has sold more than 81,000 tuners that deactivate emission controls, as well as 8,400 exhaust pipes with fewer or weaker catalytic converters. The proposed settlement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Justice (subject to court approval) provides for a civil penalty of 2,914,000 USD in four instalments, as well as a ban on defeat devices, removal of the ‘delete’ functions, information for dealers and customers, buy-back and destruction of such devices held by employees, and Clean Air Act training for the workforce.
Tuning products that circumvent emission controls are prohibited even as ‘racing parts’ – product approvals require an emissions review.
Emissions law for aftermarket products
Missing or inadequate training played a role in the decision.
- Authority / court
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / U.S. Department of Justice (U.S. District Court, Western District of Texas)
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act § 203(a)(3)(B), 42 U.S.C. § 7522(a)(3)(B)
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- unknown
- Sector
- Automotive
- Mitigating circumstances
- Amount of the penalty based on demonstrated limited ability to pay; payment in instalments.
Original amount 2,914,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 16 Sep 2024.
- COBB Tuning Products, LLC Clean Air Act Settlement Press release of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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10 Sep 2024 Rudy's Performance Parts, Inc.Rudy's Performance Parts: 10 million USD in criminal and civil penalties for defeat devices €9.07m
From 2014 to 2019, the North Carolina company and its CEO Aaron Rudolf manufactured, sold or installed over 250,000 parts for Ford, GM and Dodge diesel pickups in order to remove emission controls – according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), producing as much in emissions as more than 11 million additional vehicles. A total of 10 million USD: a civil penalty of 7 million USD in instalments (settlement subject to court approval), a criminal fine of 2.4 million USD against the company together with three years' probation, and a fine of 600,000 USD against the CEO.
Those who run emissions tampering as a business model are liable under civil and criminal law – all the way up to management.
- Authority / court
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / U.S. Department of Justice
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act § 203(a)(3)
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- unknown
- Sector
- Automotive
- Culpability
- intentional
- Mitigating circumstances
- Payment in instalments because of demonstrated limited ability to pay.
- Liability of senior managers
- CEO Aaron Rudolf: three years' probation and a fine of 600,000 USD in the criminal proceedings; personally a party to the civil settlement.
Original amount 10,000,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 10 Sep 2024.
- Rudy's Performance Parts, Inc. and Aaron Rudolf Clean Air Act Settlement Information Sheet Press release of an authority
- EPA: North Carolina auto parts seller and its owner to pay $10M for making, selling and installing defeat devices Press release of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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27 Aug 2024 Cleveland Cliffs Burns Harbor LLCCleveland-Cliffs Burns Harbor: EPA settlement over pollutant emissions at steelworks €222,537
The steelworks on Lake Michigan allegedly emitted excessive particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants when charging the basic oxygen furnaces and during overflows of molten material. Under the settlement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the company is paying 248,396 USD and must charge more slowly, improve extraction and monitoring, and introduce video recording and reporting to the EPA.
Emission peaks often result from operating procedures; binding work instructions and documentation are part of permit compliance.
Operating procedures for reducing emissions in production
- Authority / court
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- final
- Sector
- Steel and metals
- Published
- 27 Aug 2024
Original amount 248,396 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 27 Aug 2024.
- EPA Reaches Settlement with Cleveland Cliffs Burns Harbor for Alleged Clean Air Act Violations Press release of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link
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10 Jan 2024 Cummins Inc.Cummins: 1.675 billion USD civil penalty for defeat devices in Ram pickups €1.53bn
The engine manufacturer programmed the engine software so that emission controls were reduced or switched off during normal driving (around 630,000 Ram 2500/3500 vehicles from model years 2013–2019) and failed to disclose auxiliary emission control devices in a further approximately 330,000 vehicles. Civil penalty of 1.675 billion USD – the highest ever under the Clean Air Act – plus recall and mitigation measures, totalling around 2 billion USD.
Software functions that affect emissions behaviour must be fully disclosed in the type approval process.
- Authority / court
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / U.S. Department of Justice (U.S. District Court, District of Columbia)
- Area of law
- Environment and sustainability · Emissions and permits
- Legal basis
- Clean Air Act
- Action
- Fine
- Status of proceedings
- unknown
- Sector
- Automotive
- Employees
- 10,000 or more
Original amount 1,675,000,000 USD, converted at the ECB reference rate of 10 Jan 2024.
- 2024 Cummins Inc. Vehicle Emission Control Violations Settlement Press release of an authority
Checked against the official source on 25 Sep 2026 · Direct link